Encyclopedia+of+Respiratory+Medicine+4th.pdf

格式: pdf 页数: 2401 文件大小: 59MB 侵权/举报
Encyclopedia+of+Respiratory+Medicine+4th.pdf

Encyclopedia+of+Respiratory+Medicine+4th.pdf

格式: pdf 页数: 2401 文件大小: 59MB
Encyclopedia+of+Respiratory+Medicine+4th.pdf INTRODUCTION R espiratory diseases represent one of the largest health problems word wide. Diseases such as asthma andthe smoking related diseases are already common and increasing so we urgently need better approaches to treat or cure these diseases. At the same time, new respiratory diseases such as those associated with viruses threaten pandemics that challenge our national health systems. With these continued challenges for new treatment with better patient care, clinical and respiratory researchers have sought better approaches to all aspects of patient care from improved diagnoses to superior therapies. This has lead to an explosion of new research with an increasingly better understanding of how to diagnose diseases and then develop new therapies. Thus, for example ever improving technologies for imaging lung disease have lead to increasingly better diagnoses, although challenges remain as we seek to further improve resolution. At the same time, the revolution in molecular biology, culminating with the publication of the complete human genome, has lead to hopes for finding more precise clues to disease susceptibility pathogenesis in genetic analysis. This is leading to new concepts in pharmacogenomics as we start to use new drugs, including those used for lung cancers, being directed at mutations associated with disease. This is the first Encyclopaedia of Respiratory Medicine. It is our hope that it is comprehensive and captures the key aspects of current patient care, as well as the exciting developments in respiratory science that we all believe will eventually lead to better patient care in the twenty first century. This encyclopaedia is comprehensive in scope and provides clinician and researcher with a snap shot of the current state of knowledge in respiratory medicine. All entries have adhered to a structured layout, starting with an abstract crystallizing the key facts and finishing with reading lists for those who want to delve further into the subject. In addition, most entries have a colour diagram designed to help understanding and provide a valuable aid for undergraduate and post-graduate teaching. These are exciting times for respiratory medicine. We hope this encyclopedia will become a valuble tool for clinicians and researches at all stages of their careers from those beginning their carreers to those established but wanting to update themselves on the new developments. Finally, we would like to thank our Advisory Editorial Board who helped so much in shaping the contents of this works, as well as the authors who wrote the articles and faced the challenge of condensing areas of respiratory medicine, often the subject of entire textbooks, into a short article of 4000 words or less. GEOFFREY J. LAURENT STEVEN D. SHAPIRO FOREWORD Animals live by two principal things, food and breath. Of these, by far the most important is the respiration, for if it is stopped, the man will not endure long, but immediately dies. – Aretaeus the Cappocian (150–200 AD) O f course, not all medical specialists would agree with this statement, and those who disagree would bequick to posit that it is the failure of ‘‘their’’ particular organ that tends to cause immediate death. However, that is not the issue. The point of this quotation is to illustrate that the proper functioning of the lung has been a subject of great interest for centuries. The Greek physician Aretaeus devoted many of his observations to diabetes, but his manuscript ‘‘On the Causes and Indications of Acute and Chronic Diseases’’ also discussed lung diseases, such as pneumonia. Since his time, great numbers of physicians from all conti- nents and cultures have contributed to our knowledge of respiratory diseases. While acknowledging our rich history of discoveries about pulmonary and respiratory medicine— dis- coveries that were made by men and women whose names symbolize the great journey of this specialty—one must concede that the field experienced an extraordinary growth spurt beginning in the 1940s. Knowledge of respiratory physiology, which developed very fast during World War II, created a tidal wave of interest that continued for years afterward. The ability to measure and understand respiratory physiology and its alter- ations became a diagnostic tool, and it opened the door to therapeutic or respiratory support procedures. But, then, in the 1950s and 1960s cell biology and subcellular research entered the scene. The potential of molecular biology and genetics was quickly recognized, and respiratory medicine appreciated that a better un- derstanding of normal and disordered biological respiratory processes hinged on use of these new approaches. Lung and respiratory researchers, impelled in part by the ever-increasing public health burdens of respiratory diseases, seized the opportunity. The stage was set for progress to occur. The architects of this ‘‘revolution’’ in respiratory medicine are well known; it is our good fortune that many have contributed to these four volumes. Four volumes! y Encyclopedia! y Indeed, these four volumes truly constitute an encyclopedia of pulmo- nary biology and respiratory medicine! Respiratory medicine is still growing. Because it is such a dynamic and exciting field, new investigators will almost surely want to be part of it. However, to do so they will need to know about the established state of knowledge that will be the basis of their work. New investigators in the science of respiratory medicine, whether interested in fundamental research or clinical research or application, will find ideas and inspiration in these volumes. All of the tools of the trade are assembled therein. As noted, respiratory medicine has been a progressive and expanding field but, as is the case with many fields of medicine, the transfer of what we know to the general practice of medicine has been slow and limited. Translation, as it is called, is an emerging discipline in need of assistance; fortunately, the breadth of the knowledge presented in these volumes provides tools to facilitate this translation process. This four-volume encyclopedia is, at once, both a tribute to the centuries of pioneering investigations in the field of respiratory medicine and a foundation for even greater accomplishments in the future. The presentation of all this knowledge in these excellent and comprehensive volumes can only serve to stimulate further work of equal or surpassing significance. The editors and the authors are to be commended for their contributions to this singular effort. Because of their work, respiratory science and medicine will advance faster and patients worldwide will be the beneficiaries. Claude Lenfant, MD Gaithersburg, Maryland Notes on the Subject Index To save space in the index, the following abbreviations have been used: ALI acute lung injury ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome BAL bronchoalveolar lavage BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia CAP community-acquired pneumonia CFTR cystic fibrosis transporter regulation COP cryptogenic organizing pneumonia COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CWP coal workers’ pneumoconiosis G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor HUVS hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome IL interleukin IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPH idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein M-CSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor MIP macrophage inflammatory protein MMP matrix metalloproteinase NSCLC non-small cell lung carcinoma PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor SCLC small-cell lung carcinoma SP surfactant protein TGF transforming growth factor TIMP tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases TNF tumor necrosis factor VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor Editorial Advisory Board Kenneth B. Adler, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Peter J. Barnes, Imperial College London, UK Paul Borm, Zuyd University, Heerlen, The Netherlands Arnold R. Brody, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA Rachel C. Chambers, University College London, UK Augustine M. K. Choi, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA Jack A. Elias, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Patricia W. Finn, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Stephen T. Holgate, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Steven Idell, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, TX, USA Sebastian L. Johnston, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial college London, UK Talmadge E. King, Jr, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Stella Kourembanas, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Y. C. Gary Lee, University College London, UK Richard Marshall, University College London, UK Sadis Matalon, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA Joel Moss, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA William C. Parks, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Charles G. Plopper, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Bruce W. S. Robinson, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia Neil Schluger, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Edwin K. Silverman, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Eric S. Silverman, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Peter Sly, Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia Kingman Strohl, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Teresa D. Tetley, Imperial College London, UK John B. West, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA ...