Diffusion_MRI.pdf
Diffusion_MRI.pdf
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vii
Daniel C. Alexander Centre for Medical Image
Computing, Department of Computer Science, UCL
(University College London), Gower Street, London
WC1E 6BT, England, UK
Yaniv Assaf Department of Neurobiology, The
George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv
University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Andreas J. Bartsch Department of Neuroradiology,
University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11,
97080 Würzburg, Germany
Peter J. Basser Senior Investigator and Chief, Section
on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, National Insti-
tutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Building 13, Room
3W16, Bethesda, MD 20892-5772, USA
Christian Beaulieu Department of Biomedical Engi-
neering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University
of Alberta, 1098 Research Transition Facility, Edmonton,
AB, T6G 2V2, Canada
Timothy E.J. Behrens Department of Experimental
Psychology, University of Oxford; Centre for Functional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB),
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, UK
Armin Biller Department of Neuroradiology, Univer-
sity of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120,
Heidelberg, Germany
Benedetta Bodini Department of Brain Repair
and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University
College London, WC1N 3BG, England, UK
Erie Boorman Department of Experimental Psychol-
ogy, University of Oxford; Centre for Functional Mag-
netic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3UD, England, UK
Marco Catani Natbrainlab, Institute of Psychiatry,
Box P089, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF,
England, UK
Olga Ciccarelli Department of Brain Repair and
Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University
College London, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
Yoram Cohen School of Chemistry, The Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv
University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Contributors
Julia M. Edgar Applied Neurobiology Group,
Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road,
Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
P. Ellen Grant Athinoula A. Martinos Center for
Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Build-
ing 149, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street,
Charleston, MA 02129, Massachusetts, USA
Ian R. Griffiths Applied Neurobiology Group,
Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road,
Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
György A. Homola Department of Neuroradiology,
University of Würzburg, Joseph-Schneider-Strasse 11,
D97080, Würzburg, Germany
Penny L. Hubbard Imaging Science & Biomedical
Engineering, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences,
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester
M13 9PT, England, UK
Saad Jbabdi Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of
the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical Neurology,
University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
Heidi Johansen-Berg Oxford Centre for Functional
MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical
Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe
Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England, UK
Derek K. Jones Cardiff University Brain Research
Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology,
Park Place, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, CF10 3AT,
Wales, UK
Gordon Kindlmann Brigham and Women’s Hospital
and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
Johannes C. Klein Department of Neurology, Goethe-
University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Marek Kubicki Psychiatry Neuroimaging Labora-
tory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and VA Boston
Health Care System, Boston, USA
José L. Lanciego Center for Applied Medical Research
(CIMA and CIBERNED), Neurosciences Division,
Contributorsviii
University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55 Edificio CIMA,
31008 Pamplona Navarra, Spain
Stephanie Y. Lee Department of Neurology, Massa-
chusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Rogier B. Mars Department of Experimental
Psychology, University of Oxford; Centre for Functional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB),
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3UD, England, UK
Robert J. Morecraft Division of Basic Biomedical
Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences,
University of South Dakota, Sanford School of
Medicine, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, South
Dakota 57010, USA
Evren Özarslan Section on Tissue Biophysics and
Biomimetics, National Institutes of Health, 13 South
Drive, Building 13, Room 3W16, Bethesda, MD 20892-
5772, Maryland, USA
Deepak N. Pandya Department of Anatomy and
Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Boston
University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street,
L1004, Boston, MA 02118, Massachusetts, USA
Geoffrey J.M. Parker Imaging Science &
Biomedical Engineering, School of Cancer and
Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PT, England, UK
Jim Pipe Keller Center for Imaging Innovation,
Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
85013, USA
H. Diana Rosas Department of Neurology, Massachu-
setts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Matthew F.S. Rushworth Department of
Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford;
Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
of the Brain (FMRIB), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford,
OX1 3UD, England, UK
David H. Salat Athinoula A. Martinos Center for
Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Building
149, Rm 2301, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th
Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, Massachusetts, USA
Jan Scholz Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of
the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical Neurology,
University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
Bindu Setty Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Kiran K. Seunarine Centre for Medical Image
Computing, Department of Computer Science, UCL
(University College London), Gower Street, London
WC1E 6BT, England, UK
Martha Shenton Psychiatry Neuroimaging Labora-
tory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and VA Boston
Health Care System, Boston, USA
Stephen M. Smith Oxford Centre for Functional
MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical
Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
Olaf Sporns Indiana University, Department of
Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 E. 10th Street,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Valentina Tomassini Oxford Centre for Functional
MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Department of Clinical
Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England,
UK
Gabriella Ugolini Lab. Neurobiologie Cellulaire
et Moléculaire (NBCM, UPR9040), Bât 32, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 1 av de
la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Floris G. Wouterlood Department of Anatomy and
Neurosciences, Vrije University University Medical
Center, MF-G-136 PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Peng Yu Athinoula A. Martinos Center for
Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology,
Building 149, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th
Street, Charleston, MA 02129, Massachusetts, USA
xi
Diffusion imaging provides a unique window on
brain anatomy. This novel non-invasive imaging tech-
nique provides insights into aspects of brain struc-
ture that could never previously be studied in living
humans. The technique therefore has huge potential
for addressing novel research questions in both basic
and clinical neuroscience.
The non-invasive nature and ready availability of
diffusion data has opened up the field of neuroanatomy
to an array of researchers who specialize in other areas
of neuroscience. The sensitivity of diffusion measures
to white matter change have led to a wealth of stud-
ies who would like to use diffusion imaging as an in
vivo clinical marker. Systems neuroscientists with core
interests in brain function are now able to perform par-
allel functional and anatomical experiments to inves-
tigate the influence of brain connections on behavior
and regional brain activity. Comparative anatomists are
able to measure connections in humans and other spe-
cies using the same techniques. Early results suggest
that diffusion imaging will have an important role to
play in neurosurgery, where knowledge of the location
of key white matter pathways is of great importance.
Preface
The rapid growth of the technology and the diver-
sity of its users have generated a need for a volume
that provides practical advice, guidelines on interpre-
tation, and examples of the methods in practice. This
book strives to meet that need by tackling the field
of diffusion imaging from the fundamental theory
to its most cutting-edge applications. The book aims
to answer two questions commonly posed by those
wishing to use, or even just to read about, diffusion
imaging. First, how do I design and carry out a dif-
fusion imaging experiment? Second, how should I
interpret diffusion imaging results? Importantly, the
book presents diffusion imaging in the context of
well-established, classical experimental techniques, so
that readers will be able to assess the scope and limita-
tions of the new imaging technology. In sum, the aim
of the book is to become an essential reference text
for scientists designing or interpreting diffusion MR
experiments.
Tim Behrens and Heidi Johansen-Berg
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